Consider Pip from Great Expectations and Ralph from Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Consider collide with from Great Expectations and Ralph from ennoble of the Flies EssayWhich character do you conceive gives the most realistic picture of childhood?Both of these novels contain depictions of childhood. An important fact to keep aw ar of is that in monster portrayal of childhood, in that location are adults present to mould pullulate through his encounters with them, whereas Golding leaves his characters free from any guiding adult hand. Pips sister being on the rampage when she felt Joe or Pip had done the slightest thing wrong, is different to Ralphs experience of childhood on the island as the coterminousst thing he has to an adult guide is Piggy, who whilst undoubtedly to a greater extent intelligent than the an otherwise(prenominal) boys, lacks the respect and authority an adult commands. Pip and Ralph are alike however in their longing for a lack of adults, but whence the delight of a realized ambition all overcame him. In the middle of the scar he stood on his head and grinned at the reversed fat boy.No large ups Is what Golding tells us of Ralph, and similarly Dickenss Pip calls them all toadies and humbugs. Although these views both livem to concur that a lack of adults is definitely a good thing, they do differ somewhat, I do not believe Ralph would go so far as to call all adults toadies and humbugs and this is certainly to do with their different backgrounds. Ralph is a Home Counties young carnivore with a father high up in the navy who knows that the queen has a drawer full of maps, whereas Pip is the adopted son of a blacksmith and although Ralphs life style whitethorn not necessarily make water been glamorous, it was much much homely and welcoming than the one Pip enjoys.The dickens novels are also set over a greatly differing time span. Lord of the Flies lasts perhaps several weeks at the most, whereas Pips childhood lasts several years in Great Expectations. Obviously this volition play a part in how rea listic their childhoods seem as we see no more than the blinking of an eye of Ralphs, but get under ones skin a much more in depth viewing of Pips.Adults mould Pip throughout his childhood, and the most important adults involved in this are Pumblechook, Mr Wopsle and Pips sister. All of these have a tendency to look down on Pip, and it is for that reason that Joe is not included in the list, as he and Pip treat each other like equals. Ralph on the other hand has no guiding force behind him throughout all the time the reader knows him. Whereas Ralph is a very communicatory child, he stands on his head and laughs and looks golden, Pip is not, in the early stages of the book, free from the tyranny of his sister. So there is a crucial difference betwixt the 2 novels in that Ralph and his companions are free to be children without adult ideals being laid upon them, whereas Pip is expected to be a child the way society expects him to be, be grateful boy to them which bought you up by hand being a good example of this.A key aspect of childhood is Fear, maintenance of the dark, fear of the unknown and fear of adults to name but a few. Both authors work this aspect of childhood into their novels somehow. Dickens does this with Magwitchs young man a boy may lock his door, may be warm in bed, may tuck himself up, may draw the clothes over his head, may think himself comfortable and safe, but that young man will softly creep and creep his way to him and tear him open.All this to scare Pip into come upting him some wittles and it works, from the language in that quote, it is obviously apparent that Dickens had a very good idea of childhood and its workings, on of the few things universal to children is that they do think bed to be the ultimate haven. Pip is scared by Magwitch into stealing from his sister, who he is already afraid of, and this is significant in that it shows Dickens had a very good appreciation of what childhood was about, and is thus belike to hav e a very good portrait of childhood in his novel. Possibly even more significant than this is that Pip steals a file from Joe his trusted friend, and this also shows more understanding on Dickens part about children, they do not discriminate between close friends and others to the extent older people do.And so we see the counter part to this in Lord of the Flies, when alone and with no adults on the desert island the children feel the collect for a fire and steal Piggys glasses to light it. Piggy is Ralphs main ally on the island, and certainly Ralph is Piggys only friend, so the situation is much alike to the one in Great Expectations but we do not see the same level of remorse from Ralph. Instead of Pips fearful I held tight to the microscope stage of the table under the cloth, with both hands, and awaited my fate in anticipation of any retribution that may be dealt out, all that Golding says of the boys remorse at going Piggy blind and helpless is for Ralph to hand them back w hen done with them, and it is here that it seems as though Golding has a better understanding of children, he appreciates that their consciences are not yet fully developed as they are unable to grasp the implications of what they have done.The fear that acquires apparent on the island however is not the same amiable of fear as Pip experiences. One of the little-uns complains of a beastie, nonsense is the response he gets from Ralph, and yet The vivid horror of this, so possible and nakedly marvellous held them all silent. And it is here where the crux of the argument begins to form for Dickens having the better portrayal of childhood. The Beastie is in fact symbolic of the horror humans will bring about on the island, and the rest of Goldings novel is also mostly symbolic, whereas Great Expectations isnt. The natural reaction for Ralph and company to have is to try and ward of the beastie somehow, and thus the fire begins to develop more than simply a rescue beacon.The relatio nships between characters is also a major part in the views we are offered of childhood. Golding uses the views of others to reveal aspects of the main characters, and so function how we feel about them, Piggys view of Ralph and the others Like a crowd of kids - is supposed to make the reader feel that Piggy is far more mature, and that in twirl Ralph is excessively immature, and childlike. Dickens however uses Pips perspective throughout the novel, and the language he uses differs greatly at the start as compared to the finish for the purposes of showing the transition between child and adult.For example I religiously entertained that they had been born on their backs with their hands in their trouser pockets is clearly not the impression an adult would get from having dead brothers or sisters, and most likely not the way they would describe them. However at the end of the book the language use has progressed to statements such as Oh, Joe, you break my heart Look angry at me, Joe Strike me, Joe Tell me of my ingratitude. Dont be so good to me. This is a statement the younger Pip would have been incapable of m uniformg, ti shows the complex differences in language that Dickens appreciates children use as compared to adults.In Great Expectations Pip is not treated as an adult, he is treated as a particularly worthless child, and as such he forms negative opinions of the adult world he will have to grow into, that ass Pumblechook being just one example of the way Pip views this world, however Dickens also understands that childrens attitudes change very quickly, as does Golding, and so when Pip obtains Great Expectations and Pumblechook starts acting up to him, then he decides that maybe Pumblechook was a practical, sensible, good hearted fellow. This is also shown in Lord of the Flies because although by the end Ralph and dogshit are literally at each others throats, when making the fire at the start Ralph invents a log that looks too heavy, but gets the re ply of Not for the two of us And so Golding shows the reader a glimmer of hope that the two may get along well, but they dont, and this demonstrates the inconsistency of children.Ralph has responsibility for the other boys on the island, and this causes him in many aspects to grow up. Instead of being completely child like and swimming, diving and running about, he gets worked up because the shelters havent been made and the other are incapable of concentrating And they keep running off. You remember the meeting? How everyone was going to work hard until the shelters were finished? This is not a very childlike statement, children get foil because they dont get their own way, Ralph is not saying Im the leader and they dont obey me but instead worrying that the community is beginning to tear apart, a concern more voiced on tabloid letter pages than childrens conversations.Pip however has no such responsibility, admittedly while he does some chores set him by his sister, or his lesson s under Mr Wopsles great aunt that preposterous female, he is nowhere near as empowered as Ralph who has been voted to care for a few dozen boys. And so this also affects the childhood of the two we see, while Ralph had the easiest growing up previous to the novel (with his parents) as opposed to Pips dead parents and harsh sister, he is given a far more demanding role to play.And the way he deals with it is not very childlike in fact it comes to in the end represent the way a degenerate adult may feel, worn down, beginning to despair and wondering why on earth hes taken the responsibility at all. And this is another key signal to consider, Goldings children are literary metaphors for mankind, whereas Pip, although he teaches the reader about aspects of the human character, is not supposed to be representative of the whole human race, and so more likely to represent childhood better.Yet another fact to remember is that Golding and Dickens were writing in very different times. Dic kens was writing in what was the natural elevation of Victorian England and was teaching about society in those days. Whereas Golding was writing after the World Wars and so was trying to tell a more global message. So his Ralph is, although a child, not necessarily entirely representative of one. Pip however is forced to be a child by the constraining presence of his sister, Pumblechook and eventually the bond apprenticing him to Joe, all things that represent Victorian society, and yet things that still apply today even if in a different form, such as maternal control and discipline and mandatory education.Childhood on Goldings island is also not really something enjoyed particularly by Ralph and his peers, instead it is the littleuns who are the children, Ralph and the other bigger boys find themselves in the positions of adults simply because they are the biggest ones on the island. Perhaps because they are not completely mature at the time this does not help them deal with th e events that take chances on the island. There is possibly a case for saying that Pip too, is no ordinary child and has to grow up very fast in his attempts to impress Estella and grows up even more rapidly once he has his expectations laid upon him. However this is most likely a part of his childhood akin to the beginning of school and as this has been a part of life for every child in the last hundred years and more, this is not something that can be argued as not being a part of childhood. And most certainly at the start of the novel Pip is a child plain and simple, with no more worries than his sisters rampages.Another aspect of childhood to consider is trust and loyalty. Children are usually trusting unless something happens to make them otherwise. In Lord of the Flies, loyalty is shown by the duplicate and Piggys dedication to Ralph and their faith in him to get them through. Ralph however displays a special kind of loyalty, a loyalty to the good side of human nature and a deep trust in fair play. Pips trust however is in Joe and his own learning, but the trust is very temporary with Joe, it is more of a rough-cut agreement to be equals. And Pip is more than happy to trade his oldest friend for some money and a life in London. Here again we see that Dickens understands children are rarely consistent, whereas Golding is trying to use children as a metaphor for something much bigger.To conclude I believe that Pip is by far the better portrayal of childhood. Childhood does not generally involve the lack of adult presence to so huge an extent as it does in Lord of the Flies, however the battles of child against adult and adult society such as are seen in Great Expectations do occur almost universally. I think that some qualities the reader sees in Ralph, such as the headstands, do display the kind of innocent glee a child might express, but other than that Ralph and is peers are all examples of the human race and so representative of those who rule the w orld, adults, and not of children who merely inhabit it.Goldings book is a political message of its time, whereas Dickens was writing a novel, but his was free from the idealism that contaminates Goldings work. Dickens novel still had a point, but this point was made about the way in which his society worked and in particular his belief that money is a great corrupter. Therefore I believe that Dickens Pip is the most realistic portrayal of childhood as he behaves like a child, his expressions and attitudes are all those common to children. Dickens also displays a deep understanding of how children work, and this comes across in Pips actions. Goldings children however are only just recognisable as children, they could easily be replaced with full grown adults and still the story would work just as well.

The Modernization of Japan Essay Example for Free

The Modernization of Japan EssayAccording to Contemporary Japan A pedagogics Workbook in Columbia University and East Asian political platform Project the arrival of United States naval fleet commanded by Commodore Matthew C. Perry has ended the seclusion of Japan from the outside world, particularly western. Perry then instructed to open Japan to outside trade and diplomatic contact. The Edo bakufu, recognizing United States military superiority, signed a treaty of friendship during a second visit by Perry in 1854. In 1868, the Meji restoration was successful and totally isolated from westerners influence. A new government was installed composed and led by rank and file samurai from the domains of Satsuma and Choshu. The impertinently restored government pledged to restore a new nation that shall be freshized and independent. As further cited by the Contemporary Japan A Teaching Workbook in Columbia University, East Asian Curriculum Project it meant finding a new symbol aro und which Japanese people could rally (the Meiji Emperor), a new sense of investment in the modern society being built, the opportunity to make a success of oneself, and the dismantling of the old feudal distinguish.Subsequently over the period, in favor of a modern centralized government, the old feudal domains were abolished. The old feudal class distinctions were notably the samurai class. Resistance and contradiction in the newly restored government, as Saigo Takamori led a rebellion in 1878, were repelled. The Meji government proved its imperial power to rebuild its cultural heritage, society and the elan of life. The government, as led by the Meji Oligarchs, has paved its governmental system into parliament. A constitution was enacted and the exercises of election that has finally outlined the parliament proceedings like modern states.

How To Write An Economics Essay

How To Write An Economics EssayINTRODUCTIONWriting on whatsoever strain government issue faeces be a daunting task. Like most English compositions, an screen has a beginning, middle and an end. It is the way in which most students are taught to think about leaven writing, offset with the dissertation statement and then building an argument for or against the statement. Lets face facts, not all students are born writers and struggle with the stem of writing an essay and possibly sluice fear the persuasion. Where does one begin, especially with the task of writing an Economics essay? Any writer specialising in academician writing would suggest break throughing with an understanding of a sub-subject found within the Economic realm. It may be that the course suggests what to write about and this will tending with clarification purposes. Essay writing and writing in general can be a scary, personal task and one must find a comfort level with the subject first. Some subjects a re easier, softer to write about and the subject of Economics is not really one of them.The thesis or supposal of the essay must be right on target and backed up by concise resources. Once one decides upon a sub-topic, it is best to paradigm out the thesis. Only then can one proceed to the next step of presenting the supporting evidence. This would be step two. Once the evidence is presented, then in order to score extra marks, it is eer a good idea to present the thoughts and views of the impedance. From there, the essay can gain strength and the writer can start to present an original concept to the reader. It is in the latter part of the essay where one can take charge of exploring ones ideas on the topic and establish his or her voice. This allows a nature progression toward the conclusion as the essay summates its main ideas and possibly leaves the reader with new questions and thoughts on the matter.FORMULATING THE THESISThe essay should have a strong, precise thesis statem ent. The thesis statement defines the essay, what it will be about and how the body of the essay will form to prove the thesis as true or false. The main objective is to remain focused on topic and have a thesis statement that can be researched as a relevant, current topic. It is always important to stick to the thesis and outride on topic. As a writer, sometimes tangents develop and it is important to stay away from the lard of essay writing. Always keep in mind, does this sentence, this paragraph answer the thesis? Is it relevant to the topic and discussion? By sticking to a relevant, current topic or event, for instance the American Bailout of Corrupt Financial Institutions, this not only allows ones own opinions to form but overly a solid argument to evolve. Essays should have passion once the thesis has been established and can be supported.WHERE TO LOOK FOR INFORMATIONHalf of the battle is won once the thesis takes shape and one has a better idea of what to discuss. It is ti me to start searching for information to support the thesis. In this day and eon of telecommunications technology, email and the Internet, the most popular and accepted place to start research, one would think, would be online. Use discretion here and follow the professors guidelines. sometimes Internet sources, even the most up to date are misleading and counterfeit. For the subject of Economics, especially with a global, multi-national point of view, it is best to start with a esteemed magazine called The Economist. Here one will find the highest quality of information on the current event of the American Bailout. There is an online version, but as well as a trip to the library is encouraged. From there in order to get a feeling of the impact of such a current event, look to highly time-honored international newspapers like the London Telegraph and the New York Times. Since the Bailout has been a political issue, one can also read the Washington Post. One must always question the validity of the source. Part of being a good writer is constantly questioning the information and looking for answers where one would least expect them.PRESENTING distinct SIDESThe quality of research also allows the writer to present different views as a means of exploring the thesis and even testing the validity of the thesis. The essay could even result in presenting facts that allows the thesis to be discredited. This also allows the writer flexibility and suggests they are not afraid of critical review. Research and writing about the opposition carries weight because it allows the essay a sense of balance. Here the local view on the topic is important to review and surmise. This is where the original idea and discussion can formulate. The local level view of the issue allows for passion but also gives a community voice. It is a good idea to read editorials but also get the view of the average person. From here, a flood of thought processes can result and by outlining the e xploration allows the writer to pinpoint important elements of each view. This creates an beauteous framework for the thesis to live but also presents thoughtful relevant ideas.THE ORIGINAL IDEAThe idea that every essay should have an original idea is the scariest part of formulating the thesis and body of the paper. Will this happen at all? Sometimes it can be difficult to be in the mindset that it can. call for others thought the same? Possibly but do not hold back. Pressure really haunts the process of original writing. It is important to outwit ones self into thinking. A lot times, people want to only focus on the thesis and accurately supporting the thesis. A good professor of any subject but especially business subjects should encourage steps toward original ideas and creativity.CONCLUSIONA conclusion will act to summarise the purpose of the essay and restate the thesis statement as if to remind the reader about the subject and relevance of the topic. It is important to mayb e leave the reader with thought fire ideas as well as a sense of being finished. For this purpose, this essay acted as a means to instruct one how to write an economics essay but also offered insight on how to become a better writer.

Global Business Cultural Analysis In Turkey Commerce Essay

Global Business Cultural Analysis In dud Commerce EssayPeculiarities of running occupation and trans issue conferences ar directly related to the culture of the country. Globalization of the scrimping has undoubtedly become a commonly accepted phenomenon. Even small and medium straines, wanting or non, face problems of international business relationships be it the purchase of equipment, materials or other dish out and procurement activities, search for partners or investors, not to mention the direct competition with multinational companies in their own domestic market. Larger players of market, in connection with its essential saturation, argon forced to think about entering the international bena.All these factors realize the study of culture of business relationships and international communication increasingly pertinent for managing directors. Awargonness about the peculiarities of a particular culture, the ability to consider and use these peculiarities in practice help some companies quickly and at less personify to establish relations with partners, and others to deal more effectively with rivals. The knowledge of the features of international communication is also useful for managers working in unknown companies, since they help to bust adapt to a foreign environment, understand the requirements of top-management, permissible frames of conduct and, accordingly, to move faster through the ranks.Major dimensions of culture in washoutand their captivate on Turkish economy and business practicesWhen building business relationships, finding partners for business, developing private business in the territory of another country, it is always necessary to borrow into account the totality of the rules of business etiquette and specificities of traditions of each cultural environment. bomb has long been a secular state with atomic number 63an style of doing business, but it should be remembered that the influence of Islam, though not pronounc ed in recent epochs is reflected in some aspects of the Turkish business etiquette and bears a deep cultural meaning. dud combines European and Middle East traditions in the business culture, therefore common business etiquette here has some nuances which are useful to know for building successful and persistent business relationships. Lets consider these nuances.First, washout has a sufficiently well developed family-owned business with a clear hierarchy. Family traditions in Turkey are very important, twain in life and in business (Burnaz, 2009).Second, opposite spheres of life in Turkey are influenced by religion. If the partners are religious people, 1 should keep in mind that Friday is a holy day for Muslims when they visit temple to pray, so no important business meetings and negotiations should be appointed on this day. Ramazan is a month-long hallowed abstinence of all Muslims, during which one cannot eat, drink, smoke cigarettes from sunrise to sunset. This should b e kept this in mind when planning a business lunch or dinner in a restaurant. During Ramazan it is better to appoint business meetings with Turkish Muslims after sunset, however, if it is possible to avoid them, it is better to postpone all negotiations until after Ramazan. M both Turkey residents leave on vacation in July or August, so the middle of summer is not the best time for negotiations and business meetings, while from October to May is the virtually active and fruitful finale for Turkish business culture (Burnaz, 2009 OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010).It should be remembered that as in any other country, courtesy and respect for etiquette in business in Turkey is especially important. Good ad hominem relationships based on trust and mutual respect play a significant purpose in building business relationships with Turkish partners, therefore, before proceeding to business negotiations, it is necessary to show them adequate to(p)ness and readiness for friendship and to emphasize the mutuality of benefits (Burnaz, 2009 Ararat, 2008, Gupta, 2009). motif in negotiating with the Turks should be clear and precise. It is very important in the process of business negotiations to clearly outline the advantages and profitability of a proposal for the Turkish side, although it is not the only thing a benefit may be expressed in for Turkish partners. Instead of profits it is recommended to focus often on such(prenominal) points of the transaction as increased authority and actor. Respect, recognition and other intangible benefits may also have a commanding impact on the return of business negotiations in Turkey (Gupta, 2009).Thus, understanding that Turkish culture is very dis convertible from European or American business culture is a large-minded step in doing business in Turkey and with the Turks. It takes patience and time to learn all the ins and outs, but the Turks also show patience towards foreigners and willing to make allowances for any mi stake or error in etiquette made by a foreigner.In general, Turkey is an attractive country to do business with the positive dynamics in the economy. Turkey managed to avoid large losses that might have occurred as a result of the global stinting crisis of 2008-2009 (Turkey passes the crisis test, 2009). Having analyzed the economic development of Turkey for the period from 2002 to the present day, it can be argued that the state of the economy has become particularly social, due to the below factors (OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010 Turkey passes the crisis test, 2009 Turkey Business environment at a glance, 2011 Aydin, 2006) The currency reform in Turkey, 2002 reforms in social security and health care impose reform good for entrepreneurs TOK Innovations (Housing Administration Projects) gave impetus to the development of national construction companies State curb for small and medium-sized enterprises, which constitute 97% of the Turkish economy Increased economic evolutio n in Turkey, which is largely due to the automobile industry, real estate and textile industry Successful enthronisations in tourism Active development of the logistics sector in Europe New international communications and mod markets the some promising emerging markets for Turkey are China, South Korea, India, BRIIC group, as well as markets of Pakistan and Bangladesh regional and social development 40% of the EU budget is allocated to regional development and social infrastructure Funding at the expense of TOBB (the Union of Chambers and good Exchange of Turkey) Development of amplyer education there are already 95 public and 45 private universities in Turkey.Apart from that, the Government of the nation of Turkey considers foreign direct enthronisation as the driving force of economic development and prosperity of the country. Turkey has one of the to the highest degree liberal legitimate regimes for FDI among the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperati on and Development (OECD). Except for some sectors, businesses that are open to the private sector in Turkey are mostly open to foreign partners and investors (OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010). Nevertheless, all investors, regardless of nationality, face a number of specific obstacles characteristic of developing Eastern countries excessive bureaucracy, slow acting referee system, of age(p) high school taxes, corporate governance weaknesses, sometimes un foreseeability of the decisions taken at local government level, as well as frequent changes in canon and regulatory framework (Gupta, 2009).However, foreign investment regulation, for the most part, is transparent. Turkey supports national regime, including the purchase of real estate by foreign detonator companies registered in consent with Turkish law, and in most sectors no investment audit is provided (only notification is required). The Turkish Government supports the principle of transparency with the associated nati on as a circumstance for the acquisition of real estate by foreigners, and imposes a limit of 2.5 hectare of property acquired by foreign individuals. Individuals cannot own more than 10% of the land in any of the areas of industrial development (Kalafatoglu, 2010 Keyman, 2005).The maximum share of foreign equity participation is limited to 25% in broadcasting and 49% in aviation and maritime transport. Establishment of companies offering financial services including banking and insurance, as well as oil-related companies, requires special permission from the Government of Turkey for both domestic and foreign investors. In practice, regulators do not restrict foreign ownership in the financial sector in 2005 and 2006 a series of acquisitions by foreign persons were approved, and several foreign financial companies has been operating in Turkey for a long time (Ulusoy, 2009).The privatization process in Turkey is truely going on. The Government of the Republic of Turkey privatizes the state economic enterprises through selling lots of securities, public offerings, or a combination of both. The total amount of transactions in the Turkish privatization design amounted to 8.1 billion dollars in 2006, 4.3 billion dollars in 2007, and 6.3 billion dollars in 2008. The state continues privatization process, despite the fact that the reduction of global financial flows, which began in 2008, may stand for certain obstacles (Ulusoy, 2009 OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010).Bureaucratic delays used to be significant obstacles to both national and foreign companies. However, recent reforms have simplified the process of establishment of companies, trim down the requirements to obtain permits, set a single form of registration of companies and enabled individuals to register their businesses in the Union of Chambers and Commodities Exchange of Turkey.Cross-cultural analysis business cultures of the States and TurkeyGenerally, two polar opposite styles of management are distinguished, and consequently, business relation cultures American or Western and Oriental styles. They are fundamentally incompatible in structure of collection and exchange of information, separation and segregation of duties, degree of standardization, coordination and subordination.The American system is characterized by management based on science, individualism and personal responsibility, a clear division of labor, specialization, planning based on the analysis of large amounts of quantitative information. Oriental management system is based on collective responsibility, rotation system, long-term career planning, equation of employees to the company and its customs (Burnaz, 2009 Gupta, 2009).At the same time, in line with the Western style, there has recently distinguished a pan-European, also partly inherent to Turkey as an EU member, with a simultaneous focus on economic and social indicators, such as a guaranteed opportunity for staff development, involvement of empl oyees in decision-making process, the emphasis on favorable climate in the company (Burnaz, 2009 Gupta, 2009).However, despite the leanency to unify business methods and communication standards, we believe that the explicit differences in business culture will remain in the future.Despite the huge variety of business cultures, there are methods to predict certain aspects of behavior of representative of a certain culture. Ones of the most applicable methods are the classification of countries according to G. Hofstedes four variative characteristics reflecting basic differences of cultural values, and contextual rank of cultures, proposed by E. Hall (Cateora, 2000).According to these theories, the USA is a notable example of a country with a high index number of individualism (IDV=91), when a shed light on individual poorly integrates itself into the group, and strong individualistic mentality is observed with a focus on the importance of personal life and initiative. The Turkish society is instead a society where the mentality of community relations dominates, so it is based on morality, sense of duty, predominance of the interests of the collective over the individual ones, and loyalty (IDV=37) (Table 1). some other important cultural dimension is the parameter of world-beater (hierarchical) distance. Power distance index measures the tolerance of the society towards social inequality, i.e., unequal distribution of origin in the midst of superior and subordinate members of the social system. The degree of distancing shows the relation of employees to the power of managers. Turkey has a culture with a high index of power distance (PDI=66), and power in Turkey may even be inherited. Here there is a significant difference between the members of the society who are at different social levels and difference in the privileges, which are perceived by the members of the society for granted. In countries with a low power distance index, like USA (PDI=40), the abate pattern is observed (Table 1).The next quality largely influenced by culture is the control of the level of uncertainty, which shows the extent to which members of a cultural community are computer programmed to freedom of action in unstructured non-standard situations. In this aspect, the USA and Turkey also hold totally different positions. As a country with high uncertainty avoidance index, Turkey (UAI=85) is less resistant to stress, more concerned with security issues and following the rules, which leads to poor perception of change and slow adaptation to tender ideas. USA is characterized by culture with low UAI (UAI=46) associated with greater mobility, willingness to take risks, innovation, tendency to rely on knowledge, rather than absolute knowledge (Table 1).Moreover, the USA is rather a country described by Hofstede as the country with masculinity behavior (MAS=62), i.e. dominance, encouragement to competition, high demands, desire for career achievements and ent repreneurship, greed and passion for capital accumulation, drop of caring about others. In contrast, though attached now to the European community, Turkey still belongs to femininity pattern (MAS=45) and the prevailing values are humility and altruism, gender equality, emphasis on serving people, mutual aid (Table 1).Table 1. Indexing USA and Turkey depending on cultural values by Hofstede. boorishIDVRanking by IDV*PDIRanking by PDIUAIRanking by UAIMASRanking by MASUSA911403846436215Turkey37286618/198516/174532/33* assortment among 53 countries of the world, by 2000. (Cateora, 2000)In addition to the parameters identified by Hofstede, the predominant and characteristic of the culture type of communication is of great importance in the typology of business cultures. On this parameter, all nations can be ranked by the degree of cultural contextuality. Recent studies have revealed a high correlation between high/low-contextuality and the Hofstedes indices of individualism/collectivi sm, and hierarchical level of distancing (Cateora, 2000).Thus, low-context American culture shares relatively low hierarchical differences and high level of individualism. On the contrary, high-context Muslim culture is typically characterized by a significant difference between the hierarchical levels and low levels of individualism. Therefore, the majority of modern managers, employees of international companies, are more effective in countries with the low-context language, since they are relying on the reports, contracts and other acts documented in writing. But even in low-context cultures, communication is largely dependent on cultural differences (Cateora, 2000 Gupta, 2009).High-context cultures require a considerable period of time before starting the business part of the relationship, because future partners must get to know each other for joint business. For example, if one cannot find time and desire to drink coffee and talk about abstract topics, one cannot advance to th e business part of the conversation (Cateora, 2000 Gupta, 2009).Another indicator is the source of power and level of authority, which is a direct consequence of the level of the hierarchical distance, as it combines the effect of the power structure in business with the status and position of manager in the community, depending on the size of the company, publicity, type of property, and cultural values. In Turkey, the decisions are mainly made exclusively by the head of the company, who prefers to deal only with senior executives of other companies. Business here is not between companies or divisions, but between individuals. The latter also means that in case of leadership changes from one side or another, the achieved agreements may lose their power, if trust relationships arent re-established between new top executives of companies. Besides, the decentralized system, common for the U.S., enables managers at various levels to make decisions relevant to their functions, which is not common for Turkey (Ararat, 2008 Gupta, 2009).Thus, the obvious conclusion is that it is necessary for the authoritarian cultures as well as companies with a decentralized power structure to correctly determine the decision-makers, while working with companies in which decisions are taken by consensus, it is important to convince each member of the committee or group.Peculiarities of conducting business in TurkeyBusiness in Turkey is quite difficult to arrange. But the results of registration of the business in Turkey and certain investments can be easily recouped. Peculiarities of doing business in Turkey determine such things as sale and purchase, opening bank accounts, tax system, offshore, ready business, small business and profitability of big business.In general, 2011 will be very important for Turkey. In June, the general election will be held. The current government has been successful in many areas of the economy although some spartan problems still remain. Therefore, o pposition political parties should form new political-economic strategies with respect to the above areas. Turkey has to achieve significant economic growth, reduce unemployment, mark social justice, and resolve tax issues. If it is done succeeds, it will be able to join the BRIIC (Kalafatoglu, 2010 OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010).The Government of Turkey since 2001 has been applying a comprehensive program designed to accelerate all the procedures related to investments and attract more direct foreign capital into the country. The national body, the Coordinating Council for the Improvement of the Investment Environment (YOIKK) provides methodological support in this issue. In addition, in 2004 the Investment Advisory Council for Turkey (IAC) was established, whose recommendations serve as a guide for YOIKK, and activities undertaken within the Councils recommendations are published in yearbook reports of the Treasury of Turkey on the activities of IAC (Keyman, 2005).The gove rnment continues to implement legislative reforms, some of which are aimed at attracting foreign investment to Turkey. The draft of National Legislative Network, a project of automation and integration completed the process of developing the technical infrastructure in 2008, designed to accelerate the execution of business cases by facilitating the hit of documents and transcripts of court proceedings and give the opportunity to file an application online. In addition, the government simplified the access of foreign investors to justice, including legal advice and Alternative Dispute Resolution, support by the U.S., EU and World Bank (Turkey Business environment at a glance, 2011 Kalafatoglu, 2010).Turkey made the tax system more convenient for investors as well. In 2006 the basic rate of income tax was rock-bottom from 30 to 20%. The government also cancelled the income tax for foreign investors who own bonds, notes and shares, preserving it for bank deposits and buy back transa ctions. In 2007 tax administration established a division designed to manage taxes collection from large corporations (Keyman, 2005). However, the Government of Turkey has not yet managed to implement further tax reforms, including reducing the tax on wages, which is one of the highest among OECD members. The Turkish Government also increased the VAT on leasing transactions from 1 to 18% in 2007. Special consumption tax on alcoholic beverages in 2008 reached 275.6% with the minimum requirements for special tax based on market prices of products (Ulusoy, 2008).Turkish laws touch the investment climate continues to develop. It guarantees freedom of ravish of profits, fees and royalties and repatriation of capital. This guarantee is reflected in the bilateral investment treaties between Turkey and the United States in 1986, and in some similar agreements, which regulate the unlimited and proper handling of all funds related to investment in a freely convertible currency in the self- moving market (Treaties and conformitys, Turkey-United States, 1986). Turkey is a member of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Turkey also ratified the Convention Establishing the Multilateral Investment warrant Agency (MIGA) in 1987. Turkish law provides the confirmation of international arbitration execution of investment disputes between foreign investors and the state. Turkeys is also a member of the WTO Agreement on change Related Investment Measures (TRIMS) (Keyman, 2005 Ulusoy, 2008).Turkey investment stimuli system was significantly improved in 2006 to support manufacturing industry, energy sector, and export. General regime of investment incentives suggests tax benefits and, in some cases, the possibility of lending. Turkish Treasury also regulates some issues regarding interest rates on investment loans for small and medium enterprises, RD projects, environmental protection, as well as projects in 50 provinces, where the annual incom e per capita is below 1500 U.S. dollars. For such provinces, the law provides income tax incentives, social insurance benefits, free land and reduced electricity cost up to 20-50% (Ulusoy, 2009 OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010).In RD sphere, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) and Technology Development Foundation of Turkey (TTGV) deal with reimbursements for RD and capital borrowing. Projects that get such benefits include development concepts, technology research, technical feasibility evaluation, concept-to-design laboratory researches, samples study, test products production, experimental facilities construction, product testing, patent research and design problems solutions. In addition to these incentives, the Government of Turkey provides support for technological development zones, which involves the creation of infrastructure and production facilities, exemption from taxes, VAT, income taxes and revenues, and from customs duties for special I T-sector. Moreover, export stimulating program is focused on RD, market research, and participation in international exhibitions and fairs.In Turkey, no technical requirements for the beginning, implementation and expansion of investment projects are provided. There are also no restrictions to the acquisition by investors of goods from national sources and exporting specific percentage of products. Investors access to foreign currency does not affect exports. There are also no restrictions for domestic companies to own shares of foreign investors for the fact that the proportion of foreign shares will be gradually reduced or investor will graft its technology on certain terms. There are also no conditions established by the state in terms of the permission to invest, including the location in specialized geographic areas, specific percentage of national resources for the production of goods and services, national shares packages, import substitution, export requirements, employment of the population the investor technically located in, technology transfer and financing from national sources (Ulusoy, 2008 Ulusoy, 2009 OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010).The Government of the Republic of Turkey does not force investors to disclose proprietary information or any other signifier of information different from the publicly available one during the process of obtaining permission from the supervisory authority. Companies with foreign capital are to send a report on their activities, submitted to the General Assembly of shareholders, the auditors report, and balance sheet in the Foreign Investment Department of the Treasury annually in May.Except for issues relating to openness to foreign investment and transparency of the system of regulation, Turkey provides all the rights, benefits, deductions and privileges available to national capital and companies, as well as foreign capital and companies on the basis of most favored nation regime (for selected countries). Fo r example, American and other foreign firms can participate in publicly funded programs and programs of subsidizing research and development on the basis of national treatment.The Government of the Republic of Turkey has adopted policies and laws that, for the most part, should promote free competition and transparency in business. However, foreign companies in some sectors complain that the regulations are not transparent and understandable from time to time. One should keep in mind that Turkey is an observer, but not a member of World Trade Organisations Commission on Government Procurement.However, Turkey is an actively developing country, which tries to keep pace on all the contemporary European and American innovations. One of the most perspective areas in Turkey is internet and mobile commerce. For instance, recent researches show that mobile marketing has acquired great popularity with the development of technology SMS since 2000 in Europe and different parts of Asia. Over th e past few years SMS-messages have become a major advertising channel in Turkey, and many experts even tend to view Turkey as an innovator in mobile marketing (Demirbag, 2008).The vivid example of this success is the experience of the Turkish branch of Pepsi, which in the persist 3 years has been one of the most active players using mobile marketing tools. To date, according to the data of Pepsi Turkey, the level of participation in promotional campaigns conducted by the department is the highest in the category. The company uses mobile technologies, because it considers them more effective than TV tool to provide an opportunity for interactive communication with Turkish consumers. One of the campaigns introduced by Pepsi offered consumers wallpapers and ringtones, including the famous song Da Da Da. Over the course of a promotional campaign, users downloaded more than 200,000 ringtones (Tsalikis, 2009). Turkish companies (like Finansbank, BP, FritoLay) proved that simplicity and p ossibility of immediate atonement are of great importance for the Turkish consumer, and the mobile channel can provide this effect (Demirbag, 2008).In general, the trust of Turkish consumers continues to rise since February 2010, reaching 85.8. This is the highest level over the past 14 months (OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010). According to the report published by the Institute of Statistics of Turkey in 2010 jointly with the Central Bank of Turkey, the index of consumer confidence amounting to 85.8 points is the highest mark since February of 2009 when it amounted to 87.60% (Tsalikis, 2009). The index started to rise since November 2009, after reaching a record low value of 78.38 points. If the index exceeds 100, it means that consumers are optimistic, and if it equals to 100, it means that consumers are neither optimistic, nor pessimistic, but if the index is below 100, it indicates pessimistic consumers (Aydin, 2006). The report determines the growth of the index of consumer confidence through the increase of the purchasing power of consumers in the current and future period, the general state of the economy and employment opportunities in the coming quarter.ConclusionThe research has shown that Turkey is characterized by the specific business culture, experiencing the influence of European Union, USA, and its Asian partners. Belonging rather to eastern patterns of business culture, Turkey differs much form the United States in the major cultural indicators, such as indices of power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and type of business behavior (masculinity vs. femininity).However, in recent years, Turkey demonstrates high indicators of economy growth, openness to reforms, laws adjustments and democratic investment policy, which makes Turkey a favorable business partner. In addition, Turkish policy and legislation on labor, health and safety do not impede investment, although legal restrictions on firing workers may create obstacles to l abor-intensive activities in the formal economy. The specific tax policy sometimes hinders investment decisions, e.g. high taxation of beverages, similar to Coca-Cola, hinders investment in the sector. However, serious tax incentives for free trade zones provide incentives to invest in these zones. Similarly, incentives for investment in certain low-income provinces are designed to increase investments in these areas.Nowadays, international trust rating agencies insist that the investment level of the Turkish economy is still not high, but markets do not express much concern. Credit neglect swaps insuring Turkish securities against default for 5 years, are estimated at 1.84%. And while the Eurozone is struggling with budget deficits, Turkey states huge budget surplus due to the growth of tax revenues. Turkey is considered to be a country of investment grade in the market of credit default swaps after its dollar-denominated bonds started to exceed the bonds of developing countries in Europe largely due to accelerated economic growth.According to preliminary estimates of the Government, the economy of Turkey grew in first quarter by 12%, which allowed the Prime minister of religion of Turkey to claim that Turkeys credit rating wont be reduced in the coming 6-10 months. Generally, the country retains the trend towards improvement of economic performance, development and innovation, which opens new perspectives for foreign investment, collaboration and partnership.

Argumentative Essay: Guns Do NOT Kill People :: Argumentative Persuasive Gun Control

Many stories like the following occur, but are scarce every published Three drenchbers entered a Commerce City, Colo., residence, one of them pulled a knife, according to officials. The two men and a woman apparently had planned to rob an acquaintance but the homeowner resisted the threat, drawing his semiautomatic hand numbfish and shooting the two men. After the three fled, they called for medical help from a cousins house. The police followed unawares thereafter. As soon as they get out of the hospital, well be there to meet and greet them, said Sgt. Craig Coleman of the Adams County Sheriffs Dept. (rifleman)   These are two of many different stories that are produced monthly by the magazine American Rifleman. Every issue gives 4 to 7 stories on how handguns save lives everyday. There are many people who commit that a handgun can save your life, but there also people who believe that they are just used for bad guys to kill. The Constitution states that we co nfuse the right to keep and bare arms, but there are some groups that have decided that is not right. They allow for do whatever it takes to change Amendment 2.   This class there was a new gun practice of law added to the long list of gun laws. In Colorado and Oregon the law was passed with a huge margin. The law states that you can not buy a gun at a gun ground without a background check, and for it to be a gun show there only needs to be 3 or more people. So, in other words many of the police officers in the world will now be breaking the law when the switch guns with other officers. For instance, there are four officers standing around at the police station, and a agree of them decided to try out each others gun for a day or two. Under this new law, the officers have now broken the law. Many gun owners say there is no need for this new law. The NRA and many other pro-gun groups did everything they could try and make sense of it to people. Even after spendin g almost 2 million dollars, they still failed. (Kleck). Sarah Brady, Chair of Handgun Control, Inc, was quoted when she said, These two overwhelming victories clearly demonstrate that all Americans, including gun owners, support responsible gun laws which keep criminals from acquire guns.

Team Work Scenarios Essay -- Ethics Team Working Together Essays

Team be given ScenariosLearning TeamEach team should respond in paragraph mannequin to the questions that follow the scenarios presented below. Any disagreements or complications that fade within the team regarding the correct response should be noted in the Learning Team Reflection Worksheet for the week.SCENARIOSDuty-based (Deontological)1.Donna was ravish for setting rules for the team without any scuttlebutt from Michael. He is not going to follow the rules if there was no buy-in on the rules. Donna and Michael should renegotiate the rules together and come up with a set of rules with which both are comfortable. If that doesn?t work, try to get another team member (or a member from another team) to mediate amidst the two. 2.Stephanie should not lie for her teammates. If ... Team Work Scenarios Essay -- Ethics Team Working Together EssaysTeam Work ScenariosLearning TeamEach team should respond in paragraph form to the questions that follow the scenarios pres ented below. Any disagreements or complications that occur within the team regarding the correct response should be noted in the Learning Team Reflection Worksheet for the week.SCENARIOSDuty-based (Deontological)1.Donna was wrong for setting rules for the team without any input from Michael. He is not going to follow the rules if there was no buy-in on the rules. Donna and Michael should renegotiate the rules together and come up with a set of rules with which both are comfortable. If that doesn?t work, try to get another team member (or a member from another team) to mediate between the two. 2.Stephanie should not lie for her teammates. If ...

Whats Love Got To Do With It? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Whats Love Got To Do With It?Whats love got to do with it? Whats love, but a second hand emotion?-Tina TurnerTina Turner, along many artists before and aft(prenominal) her, has written songs about love, but what is love? Why do people say they see fireworks when they fall in love? Why do your knees go weak, your palms sweat, your stomach does flip-flops and you begin to stammer when you fall in love? What is it about emotions, including love that seems to effect your entire body, both mentally and physically? Everyday, people rebuke about feeling happy, feeling sad, feeling anxious...and so on, but what causes emotions, in particular, what causes someone to say they are in love?Yes, even a naive sentence such as I love you has to be encoded in a specific neurochemical process to exert its effect on the person who gets to get wind it. Much of the control mechanism for our emotions rests with neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that act at the points where nerve cel ls connect with each other. The prevalence, or the presence or absence of specific amounts of neurotransmitters, as well as the density of receptor sites for specific neurotransmitters at nerve endings, will control to a wide extend the emotions to which we are subject (6).Pheromones are natural scents, which play an important role in sexual communication. Animals and humans release masses of biological chemicals in tears, saliva and perspiration. These aromas convey signals relating to mood, status, drive and health to the subconscious awareness of the female. The dominant male will exude more of these biological attractants than his submissive counterpart, consequently he inevitably attracts more females and enjoys more conquests. This philosophy holds well in the animal world, pheromones are consciously detected over considerable distances and serve at times in place of spoken communication. They protagonist animals mark territory, recognize mates, and signal sexual interest. For example, female dogs in heat leave their pheromone and can attract male dogs over a mile forth (5).Also, involved in chemistry are dopamine and norepinephrine, chemical cousins of amphetamines. Dopamine, a neurochemical released by PEA, makes us feel good.(1) A recent study done at Emory University shows that female voles (small rodents) choose their mates in response to dopamine being released in their brains. When injected with dopamine in a male voles presence, the female will pick him out of a crowd later.